シンプラル法律事務所
〒530-0047 大阪市北区西天満2丁目6番8号 堂島ビルヂング823号室TEL(06)6363-1860
大阪のシンプラル法律事務所(弁護士川村真文)HP−TOP |
論点の整理です(随時増やしていく予定です。)
総論 | |||||
加入 | 日本政府は2008年7月31日付けで国連事務総長に加入書を寄託⇒2009年8月1日から発行 | ||||
締結国 | 2009年5月13日現在で74カ国。世界の貿易の3分の2を占め、国際物品売買契約のグローバル・スタンダード。 | ||||
中国、韓国、アメリカ、カナダ、英国を除く西欧諸国、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、ロシア、シンガポール・・・。 | |||||
適用範囲 (第1条) |
異なる国に営業所を有する当事者間の物品売買契約について、次のいずれかの場合に適用(第1条) (a) これらの国が、いずれも締約国である場合 (b) 国際私法の準則によって締約国の法が適用される場合 |
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(b)を適用しないことを留保できる(95条)が、日本は留保を行わなかった。 (アメリカ、中国、チェコ共和国、シンガポール、セントヴィンセント・グレナディーンおよびスロバキアはこの留保を行っている) |
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単に締約国の法を準拠法としただけでは本条約の適用を排除したことにはならない。 ⇒ 日本の企業の裏面約款等の一般契約約款において、日本法をう準拠法として指定している場合には、本条約に言及していないくても、本条約の適用を明示的に排除しない限り、本条約が適用される。 |
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任意規定性(第6条) | 説明 | 当事者が本条約全体の適用を排除することも、その一部を排除することも、さらに本条約の特定の規定も排除したり、その効力を変更できる。 ← 本条約の規定は原則として任意法規であり、当事者自治を尊重。 |
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「黙示の」適用除外もあり得るが、本条約の適用を排除するには、明確にその旨を規定する必要がある。 | |||||
排除すべきか | 中国との取引→日本当事者にとっては、少なくとも中国法を準拠法とするより、はるかに予測可能性に優れているので、オプト・アウトは得策ではない。 | ||||
裏面約款のように、全世界を取引相手に一般的に利用されるような場合には、本条約をオプト・アウトせず、単に日本法を準拠法として指定しておくのがよい? その場合、、本条約が適用される場面と問題についは相手方がどこの国に営業所を持っていようと統一的に本条約が適用され、本条約が適用されない場合や本条約がカバーしない問題については、日本法が適用される。 |
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条約の解釈・補充(第7条) | 「条約の基礎をなす一般原則」「国際私法の準則」による補充。 | ||||
「条約の基礎をなす一般原則」 @当事者自治の原則的優越(第6条) A信義の遵守(第7条(1)) B表示への信頼保護(第16条(2)(b)、第29条(2)など) C重要な局面での通知・応答・情報開示の要求(第19条(2)、第21条(2)、第39条(1)、第48条(2)、第65条(2)、第68条等) D当事者相互の協力義務および損害軽減義務(第54条、第60条(a)、第77条、第85条、第86条) など |
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「一般原則」「国際私法の準則」による補充解釈による不確実性の排除→契約に書き込むべき。 | |||||
当事者の行為の解釈(第8条) | CLAUT No.222 |
原審:証拠に関する問題は手続問題であるとした上で「手続は法廷地法による」原則に従い、米国国内法の口頭証拠排除原則を適用し、供述の口頭証拠を排除して標準約款の効力を認めた。 | |||
連邦控訴裁判所:証拠の扱いは国内法の扱う手続問題ではなく、ウィーン売買条約の扱う実態問題と認定し、「両当事者の主観的意図に関する供述書は、本条第8条(1)により当事者間の契約に定める条件について十分な事実問題を生じさせるので略式判決は不当」とj判断し、本条第8条(3)により口頭証拠排除原則の適用は排除されると判断。 | |||||
Parol Evidence Rule: contract (契約書), deed (捺印証書), will (遺言書)等について, 書面化された合意内容ないし意思内容と異なることを, 他の口頭証拠または文書証拠を用いて証明するのを許さないという準則。(英米法辞典) |
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CLAUT No.23 | 沈黙者承諾とはみなされない(第18条(1))。 当事者間の慣行に従う(第8条(3)) 裁判所は、直ちに返答をする慣行が当事者間で作られたと事実認定した上で、第8条(3)を優先適用して、契約(仲裁条項)成立を認めた。(CLOUT No.23事件) |
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「外国仲裁判断の承認と執行に関するニューヨーク条約」第2条(1)は、仲裁条約について書面契約でなければならないと規定するが、ここでの書面は当事者が同じ書類に署名する必要はなく、書状の交換でも構わない。 | |||||
日本法では、平常取引をする者の間では沈黙が承諾となる。(商法509条2項) | |||||
実務上のポイント | @完全合意条項、A契約言語、B権利不放棄条項等を明記。 | ||||
営業所(第10条) | CLAUT No.261 | オーストリア法人Aは、リヒテンシュタインに本店を有する会社のスイス支店Bとの間で蒸留酒の購入およびロシアへの搬送に関する契約を締結。 リヒテンシュタインは条約加盟国ではないが、スイス支店こそが事業遂行の場所であり、本件契約とその履行について最も密接な関係を有する営業所(10条(a))であるところ、スイスは条約加盟国⇒第1条(1)(a)により本条約が適用される。 |
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方式の自由(第11条) | CISG-AC意見書第3号 | @ Parol Evidence Rule(口頭証拠排除原則)は本条約に適用されない。 | |||
A 「明白な意味の原則」(Plain Meaning Rule)(文言の意味が明白な場合には, その他の資料(法律の前文, 条文見出し, 他の条文, 立法資料など)を参照して別の意味に解釈することは許されないとするもの)も、本条約には適用されない。 | |||||
B完全合意条項が本条約の規律する契約に置かれている場合、方式自由の原則の適用は排除され、書面以外の言明や証拠に依拠することが妨げられる。 当事者が意図すれば、完全合意条項は、取引慣習に関する証拠も排除され得る。 当該条項の効果を判断する際には、当事者の言明や交渉経過、その他関連する一切の状況が考慮される必要がある。 ⇒ 実務的には、口頭証拠排除原則の趣旨を徹底させるため、完全合意条項を付加しておくことが望ましい。 |
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第96条に基づく留保宣言の効果 (第12条) |
12条(規定) | 売買契約、合意によるその変更若しくは終了又は申込み、承諾その他の意思表示を書面による方法以外の方法で行うことを認める前条、第29条又は第2部のいかなる規定も、当事者のいずれかが第96条の規定に基づく宣言を行った締約国に営業所を有する場合には、適用しない。当事者は、この条の規定の適用を制限し、又はその効力を変更することができない。 | |||
第96条(書面を不要とする規定を適用しない旨の留保宣言) | 売買契約が書面によって締結され、又は証明されるべきことを自国の法令に定めている締約国は、売買契約、合意によるその変更若しくは終了又は申込み、承諾その他の意思表示の書面による方法以外の方法で行うことを認める第11条、第29条又は第2部のいかなる規定も、当事者のいずれかが当該締約国に営業所を有する場合には第12条の規定に従って適用しないことを、いつでも宣言することができる。 |
各論 | |||||
1条 適用基準 |
適用基準 | ||||
規定 |
(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States: この条約は、異なる国に営業所を有する当事者間の物品売買契約について、次のいずれかの場合に適用する。(a) when the States are Contracting States;
or (b) when the rules of private international
law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. |
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(2) The fact that the parties have their
places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact
does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information
disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the
contract. |
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(3) Neither the nationality of the parties
nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to
be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention. |
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内容 |
準拠法として日本法として規定⇒(本条約の適用を明示的に排除しない限り)本条約が適用されることになる。(本条約は日本法の一部となる。)(日本の裁判所は条約に拘束される。) |
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加盟国は第1条1項(b)適用しないことを留保できるが、日本は留保を行わなかった。 |
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物品については、有体動産(moveable and tangible)と理解されている。 CDに記録されたソフトの売買にはCISGが適用されるとした判決例がある。 |
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8条 当事者の行為の解釈 |
当事者の行為の解釈 |
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規定 |
1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was. |
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(2) If the preceding paragraph is not
applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be
interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same
kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances. |
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(3) In determining the intent of a party or
the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to
be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations,
any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and
any subsequent conduct of the parties. |
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内容 |
当事者の一方の言明その他の行為(申込み、承諾、申込みの撤回・拒絶、解除等)の解釈方法を定めた規定。 |
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参考事例 |
@CLOUT No.222 |
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実務上のポイント |
@完全合意条項を契約書に定めた場合にどの程度有効か? |
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9条 慣習及び慣行 |
慣習及び慣行 | ||||
規定 |
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to
which they have agreed and by any practices
which they have established between themselves. |
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(2) The parties are considered, unless
otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its
formation a usage of which the
parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely
known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved
in the particular trade concerned. |
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内容 |
第1項:当事者が合意した慣習と当事者間で確立された慣行に拘束力を認める |
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第2項:以下の条件を満たす慣習を黙示的に契約に適用したものとすることとした。 |
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インコタームズや信用状統一規則のように、合意によって明示的に契約に取り込まれる成文化されたルールの場合、@慣習としての拘束力を認める判例もあるが、A9条によらなくても、第8条(3)により解釈上インコタームズを適用し得る。 | |||||
参考事例 |
CLOUT No.425 |
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実務上のポイント |
本条の慣習と慣行は、その拘束力の発生根拠を当事者の意思に求めている。 |
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19条 変更を加えた承諾 |
変更を加えた承諾 | ||||
規定 |
(1) A reply to an offer which purports to
be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is
a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counteroffer. |
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(2) However, a reply to an offer which
purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which
do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance,
unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or
dispatches a notice to that effect. If he does not so object, the terms of the
contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance. |
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(3) Additional or different terms relating,
among other things, to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods,
place and time of delivery, extent of one party's liability to the other or the
settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer
materially. |
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内容 |
第1項:承諾が申込みと相違する場合には、原則として申込みの拒絶・反対申込みとなる。 |
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相違が実質的でないときは、申込者が遅滞なく異議を申し出ない限り、承諾により変更された条件で、契約が成立する(2項)。 | |||||
第3項は、実質的な変更の具体例として、価格、支払、物品の品質・数量、引渡場所・時間、責任制限、紛争解決手段を挙げる。 | |||||
参考事例 |
●実質的変更か |
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●Battle of Forms について |
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実務上のポイント |
●実質的な変更 |
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債権法改正案では、実質的な変更原則を採用して、Mirror Image Rule を緩和。 変更がなされた部分を除いた内容で契約が成立するとして、ラスト・ショット原則ではなく、ノック・アウト原則(ユニドロワ原則)を採用。 |
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●書式の争い(Battle of Forms) |
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文例 |
相手の約款排除文言(but相手の約款にも入っている可能性): |
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29条 契約の変更又は終了 |
契約の変更又は終了 | ||||
規定 |
(1) A contract may be modified or
terminated by the mere agreement of the parties. |
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(2) A contract in writing which contains a
provision requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in
writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated by agreement. However, a
party may be precluded by his conduct from asserting such a provision to the
extent that the other party has relied on that conduct. |
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内容 |
@書面によらなくても口頭でも契約が成立する「方式自由の原則」の妥当する領域は、契約の成立(第11条)のみならず契約の変更や終了に及ぶ(第1項)を示すとともに、契約の変更や終了に関して英米法の約因理論を排除することを合意。 |
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A書面によることを合意した場合には書面方式によらなければ変更や終了を為し得ない旨を規定。(第2項) | |||||
参考事例 |
CLOUT No.193 |
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実務上のポイント |
口頭による契約の変更が認められると法的安定性が損なわれる。⇒契約の変更は書面に限ることを明記すべき。 |
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第2項但書(「当事者の一方は、相手方が自己の行動を信頼した限度において、その条項を主張することができない」)にいう権利濫用への対応。 |
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38条 買主による物品の検査 |
買主による物品の検査 | ||||
規定 |
(1) The buyer must examine the goods, or
cause them to be examined, within as short a period as is practicable in the
circumstances. |
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(2) If the contract involves carriage of
the goods, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at
their destination. |
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(3) If the goods are redirected in transit
or redispatched by the buyer without a reasonable opportunity for examination
by him and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or
ought to have known of the possibility of such redirection or redispatch,
examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at the new
destination. |
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本条の内容 |
●買主の検査義務 49条(2)(b)(i)の「買主が当該違反を知り、又は知るべきであった時」も、通常、本条の検査をすべき時から進行を開始する。そのため買主が検査を行わなかった場合には、後になって契約を解除することが困難となる。 |
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●検査の時期 (1)について 「短い時間」の「起算時」は、原則として買主への物品の交付時。 多くの場合、物品の受け取り直後から検査が可能であり、劣化しやすい物品については特に迅速な検査が求められる。 転売が予定されている物品については、通常、転買人によって検査されることも考慮される。 「隠れた瑕疵の検査期間は、不適合の兆候が明らかになった時点から進行を開始する」と解される。 (2) 物品の運送を伴う場合⇒物品が仕向地に到達した後まで検査を延期できる。 (3) 物品の運送中に仕向地の変更や物品の転送⇒契約締結時に売主がその可能性を知っているべきであったときに限り、物品が新たな仕向地に到達した後まで検査を延期できる。 |
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●検査の方法 検査主体:「検査をさせなければならない」⇒第三者に検査させることも可。 |
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●検査費用 当事者の合意や取引慣行・慣習等がない場合、原則として買主が負担(明文規定なし)。 |
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●物品が第三者の権利・請求の対象となっているかどうかの検査 物品の契約不適合についての検査義務を定めるもので、物品が第三者の権利・請求の対象となっているかどうかの検査義務は、本条約上、規定されていない。 |
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●買主の検査権 |
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実務上のポイント |
●売主の立場から 買主による検査すべき時期が(1)では明確ではなく、不適合かどうかを早急に確定できない 検査費用を買主が負担する旨の条項。 |
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●買主の立場から 検査すべき時期が不明確であり、その時期が通知期間にも影響を与える 尚、第6条の検査通知期間延長の契約文例参照。 |
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39条 買主による不適合の通知 |
買主による不適合の通知 | ||||
規定 |
(1)
The buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does
not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within
a reasonable time after he has discovered it or ought to have discovered it. |
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(2) In any event, the buyer loses the right
to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give the seller
notice thereof at the latest within a period of two years from the date on
which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer, unless this time-limit
is inconsistent with a contractual period of guarantee. |
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本条の内容 |
●買主の通知義務 不適合を主張する買主に対し、不適合の通知を売主宛に行う義務を課す。 |
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●通知の内容・方法 |
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●通知の時期 (1)の「合理的期間」については、当該事案ごと、目的物の性質、不適合の性質、当事者の置かれている状況、慣習などを考慮して決められる。 買主が不適合を発見した時、または「発見すべきであった時」から進行開始。 「買主が不適合を「発見すべきであった時」とは、第38条の定める物品の検査期間の満了時、または、検査をしなくても明らかな不適合については引渡時のことをいう」(CISG-AC意見第2号:第39条1) 検査不履行⇒必要と考えられる検査時期から「合理的な期間」が起算。 買主の援用する救済の種類も影響(損害賠償請求権や代金減額権のみを行使しようとする場合より、契約を解除して物品を返却しようとする場合のほうが、売主の保護の観点から、通知のための合理的な期間も若干短く解される。) |
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●除斥期間 (2) 約定の保証期間が2年より長期か短期かは無関係。 |
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●通知義務違反の効果 買主は、通知義務に違反した場合は、物品の不適合を援用することはできない(39条(1))。 ⇒引き渡された物品が不適合なものであっても、45条に定める救済を受ける権利を主張できず、買主は、約定通りの代金を支払わなければならない。 買主が通知義務に違反しても、例外的に、不適合を援用する権利(45条参照)を失わない場合: ex.買主が本条の定める通知期間の経過後に通知を行ったにもかかわらず売主が、異議を唱えない場合(又は異議を唱えないと買主に信頼させるような行為を行った場合)。 C当事者間で通知義務を完全に排除している場合(6条参照)。 |
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実務上のポイント |
●売主の立場から 通知期間が明確でなく、不適合に基づく請求のリスクから解放される時点を確定できない。 隠れた瑕疵についても言及した上で、明確な通知期間の制限を規定。 売主の主観的事情(売主が知り、又は知らないことはあり得なかった事実など)により、買主の通知義務が影響を受けない旨(=40条の適用排除)の規定。 |
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●買主の立場から |
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48条 売主の追完権 |
売主の追完権 | ||||
規定 |
(1) Subject to article 49, the seller may,
even after the date for delivery, remedy at his own expense any failure to
perform his obligations, if he can do so without unreasonable delay and without
causing the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or uncertainty of reimbursement by
the seller of expenses advanced by the buyer. However, the buyer retains any
right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention. |
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(2) If the seller requests the buyer to
make known whether he will accept performance and the buyer does not comply
with the request within a reasonable time, the seller may perform within the
time indicated in his request. The buyer may not, during that period of time,
resort to any remedy which is inconsistent with performance by the seller. |
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(3) A notice by the seller that he will
perform within a specified period of time is assumed to include a request, under
the preceding paragraph, that the buyer make known his decision. |
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(4) A request or notice by the seller under
paragraph (2) or (3) of this article is not effective unless received by the
buyer. |
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本条の内容 |
売主が追完できる要件 |
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参考事例 | 売主の追完権は強力 | ||||
@CLOUT No.331 |
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ACLOUT No.282 買主による通知はどの模様かを特定していないので要件を充足しておらず(39条(1))、合理的な期間内に意思表示がなされていないので、買主による契約解除を認めることはできない(49条(2)(a)) 買主が重大な契約違反に基づく契約解除権をも喪失したことについて(49条(1)(a))、第48条(1)に定める売主の追完権は49条に服するが、それは不適合物品が重大な契約違反にあたる場合のみであり、その判断には不合理な遅延と不便を生じさせずに追完しようとする売主の意思をも考慮しなければならず、買主との協議において、売主が真摯に追完の意思表示をしているのに、理由もなくこれを買主が拒絶したことは正当化できず、重大な契約違反があったとはいえない。 買主は売主の追完の申出を拒絶したのであるから、第80条により損害賠償請求権は行使できず、第50条但書により代金減額請求権の権利も失った。 |
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実務上のポイント |
引渡しがない場合は、通常は買主が引渡猶予のための付加期間を設定し(47条(1))、付加期間内に引渡しがなされない場合、契約を解除することになる(49条(1)(b))。⇒実際上引渡しがない場合は適用されない。
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契約 | 買主としては、追完を認めるか否かは自らのオプションにしておくのが良い。 | ||||
49条 (買主の)契約解除権 |
(買主の)契約解除権 | ||||
規定 |
(1) The buyer may declare the contract
avoided: (a) if the failure by the seller to perform
any of his obligations under the contract or thisConvention amounts to a fundamental breach
of contract; or
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(2) However, in cases where the seller has
delivered the goods, the buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided
unless he does so:
(i) after he knew or ought to have known of
the breach; (ii) after the expiration of any additional
period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article
47, or after the seller has declared that he will not perform his obligations
within such an additional period; or (iii) after the expiration of any
additional period of time indicated by the seller in accordance with paragraph
(2) of article 48, or after the buyer has declared that he will not accept
performances. |
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本条の内容 |
解除効果は、双方の給付義務の消滅と既に行われた給付の返還 |
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(1)契約解除の要件を定め、 |
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(2)物品の引渡しがなされた場合において、買主が契約解除する場合には、 しかし、重大な契約違反でない限り即時の契約解除は認められない⇒通常は売主の追完権は契約解除権に優先する。 |
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参考事例 |
CLOUT No.348 欠陥あるジーンズの引渡しは重大な契約違反にあたる。 |
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CLOUT No.165 起算時について、物品受領の時ではなく、売主が修補した時とし、家具の修理から5週間経過後の契約解除の意思表示が合理的期間内とされた事件。 修理後も家具は契約に適合しない⇒重大な契約違反に当たり、かつ買主は合理的期間内に契約解除の意思表示をしている⇒売主は代金支払請求権を失った。(49条(1)(a)) |
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実務上のポイント |
引渡しが合ない場合については、通常は付加期間を設定し、との徒過を待って契約解除権を行使。 引渡しあり⇒引き渡された物品に不適合があれば、売主への不適合通知の後、確定期限をつけた履行請求をして売主の履行状況を待って判断。 契約違反の重要性の判断は、売主の追完の申し出も考慮して判断される。⇒追完権は重大。 |
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買主は、不適合を発見したら合理的な期間内に通知し、この通知の後は不合理に遅滞することなく、代替品引渡請求、修補請求及び契約解除のいずれかを選択しなければならない。 履行請求権の主張には期限の制限はないが、代替品引渡請求、修補請求および契約解除は合理的期間内に権利行使しなければならない。⇒契約解除には通知が重要。 |
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解除権行使そのものに関して通知が必要であり(26条)、かつその前提となる契約不適合の場合(39条)、第三者の権利が付着した物品の引渡しがなされた場合(43条)、それぞれ通知をしておかなければならない。 @契約解除の意思表示。 A不適合通知。 |
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64条 (売主の)契約解除権 |
(売主の)契約解除権 | ||||
規定 |
(1) The seller may declare the contract
avoided: (a) if the failure by the buyer to perform
any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a
fundamental breach of contract; or (b)
if the buyer does not, within the additional period of time fixed by the seller
in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, perform his obligation to pay
the price or take delivery of the goods, or if he declares that he will not do
so within the period so fixed; |
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(2) However, in cases where the buyer has
paid the price, the seller loses the right to declare the contract avoided
unless he does so: (i) after the seller knew or ought to have
known of the breach; or |
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本条の内容 |
49条(買主の契約解除権)に対応。 |
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@「重大な契約違反」(買主の「責めに帰すべき理由」は問わない。) A売主が付加期間を設定したにもかかわらずその付加期間内に買主が代金支払(54条の規定する「代金支払に必要な措置」を含む)または引渡受領義務を履行せず、又はこれらを履行しない旨を表明したときには売主は契約を解除できる。((1)(b)) 解除のためには「意思表示」が必要で、買主への通知により効力を生じる(26条)(意思表示の到達リスクは買主の負担(27条)) |
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「買主が代金を支払った場合」に売主が契約を解除する場合、「適時に」契約解除することが必要になる。(本条(2)) |
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「重大な契約違反」は25条で定義。 外国為替市場の変動が厳しい場合などからその時点で支払が極めて重要な場合を除いて、一般に、支払期日に代金を支払わなかったというだけでは、代金支払を受ける売主の利益はそれほど大きな影響を受けるとは言えず、「重大な契約違反」ではない。 |
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64条(2)は、買主に義務の不履行があった場合でも、買主が代金支払を履行している場合、解除権行使の期間を限定。 64条(2)(a)は、「買主の履行の遅滞」があったがその後に履行がなされた場合について、売主の解除権の行使をその「履行があったことを知る前」(たとえば、買主から通知で売主が買主の物品受領を知る前)に限定。 64条(2)(b)では、「買主の履行の遅滞」以外の「買主の違反」の場合について、(1)売主が当該違反を知りまたは知るべきであった時、または(2)(買主に重大な契約違反があったかなかったかにかかわらず、売主が付加期間を定めた場合に)付加期間内に履行がないか同期間内に買主が履行しない旨の意思表示をした時から、それぞれ「合理的な期間」ないだけに解除権の行使を限定。 |
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参考事例 |
CLOUT No.227 |
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実務上のポイント |
どのような場合に解除できるかを契約書に定めておくことが重要。 |
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79条 債務者の支配を超えた障害による不履行 |
債務者の支配を超えた障害による不履行 | ||||
規定 |
(1) A party is not liable for a failure to
perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an
impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to
have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the
contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences. |
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(2) If the party's failure is due to the
failure by a third person whom he has engaged to perform the whole or a part of
the contract, that party is exempt from liability only if: |
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(a) he is exempt under the preceding
paragraph; and |
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(3) The exemption provided by this article
has effect for the period during which the impediment exists. |
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(5) Nothing in this article prevents either
party from exercising any right other than to claim damages under this
Convention. |
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内容 | 厳格責任を制限し、債務者の支配を超えた障害に起因する不履行の場合に、債務者の損害賠償責任を免ずるもの。 | ||||
免責の一般的要件: |
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●義務の不履行: |
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●障害の存在: 債務者が必要な許認可を受けられなかったこと |
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●支配可能性: |
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●(a)契約締結時の予見可能性、及び(b)障害又は結果の回避・克服可能性: |
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●ストライキおよびハードシップについて
ハードシップ |
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●第三者を履行に用いた場合の免責の特則: (a)(b)の両方の要件を満たす必要 |
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●一時的な傷害と免責(本条(3)) 一時的な障害でも、それが重大な契約違反(25条)を構成するときは、債権者は契約の解除が可能。 |
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●障害の通知義務(本条(4)) |
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●免責の効果(本条(5)) 債務者は本条約による損害賠償責任から免れる。 損害賠償額の予定や違約金が免責の対象に含まれるかについても規定なし。 |
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参考事例 |
●契約不適合の物品の給付と免責 CLOUT No.271 79条が適用されるとしても、ワックスの瑕疵は売主の支配を超える障害ではないので、売主の責任は排除されない。 物品の瑕疵が売主のサプライヤーによるものである場合、当該不履行が、売主及び売主のサプライヤーの支配を超える障害によるものであるときのみ、79条のもとで免責される。 79条の免責は危険の負担を変更するものではない。 契約に適合した物品を引き渡す売主の義務違反による責任に関しては、瑕疵が売主の責めによるか、そのサプライヤーの責めによるかは、結論に違いをもたらすものではなく、いずれの場合も売主がその責任を負う。 |
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●物品の契約不適合に対する開発危険の抗弁による免責 |
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●サプライヤーの障害と売主の支配可能性 CISG-online187 |
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●経済的事情の変化と免責 CISG-online436 |
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実務上のポイント |
債務者が実際に負う責任の範囲は、債務者によるリスクの負担又は保証が契約内容となっていると認められる範囲。 |
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どのような事態・事象が79条の要件を満たすか不明確⇒免責事由となる障害や免責要件につき、具体的に定めるべき。 |
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免責の要件と効果を緩和・変更 履行にサブ・コントラクターや運送人等の第三者を用いる場合、79条(2)を排除(債務者自身が本条(1)の要件を充たせば免責) 債務者は当該第三者の作為・不作については責任を負わない旨の定め等 |
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免責の効果 |
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84条 売主による利息の支払、買主による利益の返還 |
売主による利息の支払、買主による利益の返還 | ||||
規定 |
(1) If the seller is bound to refund the
price, he must also pay interest on it, from the date on which the price was
paid. |
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(2) The buyer must account to the seller
for all benefits which he has derived from the goods or part of them: (b) if it is impossible for him to make
restitution of all or part of the goods or to make restitution of all or part
of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received them, but he
has nevertheless declared the contract avoided or required the seller to deliver
substitute goods. |
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本条の内容 |
不当利得法上の利益の返還がその理念にあり、清算関係上の義務を明確化するもの。 相対立する利息支払請求権と利益返還請求権とは同時履行の関係にあり、相殺可能。 (1)の利息支払義務は78条の特則であり、付利の始期を規定。 CISG-AC意見9号: |
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物品から得た利益返還義務(2): |
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参考事例 |
CLOUT No.165 |
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実務上のポイント |
代金返還の場合における利息の利率のほか、支払通貨、支払方法・場所、付利の始期(解除の意思表示の時とする等)等について、契約で規定。 |
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88条 保存物品の売却 |
保存物品の売却 |
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規定 |
(1) A party who is bound to preserve the
goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 may sell them by any appropriate
means if there has been an unreasonable delay by the other party in taking possession
of the goods or in taking them back or in paying the price or the cost of
preservation, provided that reasonable notice of the intention to sell has been
given to the other party. |
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(2) If the goods are subject to rapid
deterioration or their preservation would involve unreasonable expense, a party
who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 must
take reasonable measures to sell them. To the extent possible he must give
notice to the other party of his intention to sell. |
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(3) A party selling the goods has the right
to retain out of the proceeds of sale an amount equal to the reasonable
expenses of preserving the goods and of selling them. He must account to the
other party for the balance. |
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本条の内容 |
自助売却権(1) 誠実かつ商業上合理的な方法である限り、公的競売手続によらず、私的売却処分も許される。 |
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緊急売却(自助売却義務)(2) 物品が急速に劣化しやすい場合又はその保存費用が不合理な高額となる場合、保存義務者は、物品を売却する合理的措置をとる義務を負う。 「売却するための合理的措置」とは、合理的な努力をする義務であり、結果的に売却しなくてもよい。 努力義務を尽くさなかった場合、それにより生じた損害を賠償する責任を負う。 相手への通知は、事前に通知する時間的余裕がないことを考慮し、「可能な限り」通知を成せばよい。 |
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売却代金と費用控除(3) 物品の保存及び売却に要した費用は、合理的範囲内で売却代金から控除できる。 保存・売却費以外の相手方に対する請求権(損害賠償請求権、代金支払請求権等)を売却代金から控除(相殺)できるかにつき、条約上は明示の定めがなく、契約準拠法となる国内法の定めによる。 |
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参考事例 |
CISG-online9 売主は損害を軽減するため、買主に目的物を売却する旨を通知した後に、未引渡しの設備を第三者に売却。 売主は損害を軽減するために未引渡しの設備を売却する権利を有すると判断し、そのような権利は88条を反映する商事契約の国際法にも合致し、本件は88条(1)の要件を充たす。 売主は、売却代金から、設備の完成と改修の費用を含む、売却の実行に要した合理的費用を控除する権利を有するとした。(88(3)) |
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実務上のポイント |
自助売却できる場合を具体的に定め、また、私的売却手続の許容、通知要件の排除又は○日以前の通知などを契約上規定。 |
The United Nations Convention on Contracgts for the International Sale of Goods ウィーン売買条約 |
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PART I SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS 第一部:適用範囲及び総則 |
Chapter I SPHERE OF APPLICATION 第1章 適用範囲 |
Article 1 (1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States: (a) when the States are Contracting States; or (b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. (2) The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract. (3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention. |
適用基準 | |
Article 2 This Convention does not apply to sales: (a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use; (b) by auction; (c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law; (d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money; (e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft; (f) of electricity. |
適用除外 | |||
Article 3 (1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production. (2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services. |
製造物供給契約・役務提供契約 | |||
Article 4 This Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract. In particular, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with: (a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage; (b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold. |
条約の規律する事項 | |||
Article 5 This Convention does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person. |
人身損害についての適用除外 | |||
Article 6 The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions. |
条約の適用排除・任意規定性 | |||
Chapter II GENERAL PROVISIONS 第2章 総則 |
Article 7 (1) In the interpretation of this Convention, regard is to be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade. (2) Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law. |
条約の解釈及び補充 | ||
Article 8 (1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was. (2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances. (3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties. |
当事者の行為の解釈 | |||
Article 9 (1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves. (2) The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned. |
慣習及び慣行 | |||
Article 10 For the purposes of this Convention: (a) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract; (b) if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his habitual residence. |
営業所 | |||
Article 11 A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses. |
方式の自由 | |||
Article 12 Any provision of article 11, article 29 or Part II of this Convention that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing does not apply where any party has his place of business in a Contracting State which has made a declaration under article 96 of this Convention. The parties may not derogate from or vary the effect or this article. |
96条に基づく留保宣言の効果 | |||
Article 13 For the purposes of this Convention "writing" includes telegram and telex. |
書面の定義 | |||
PART II FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT 第2部 契約の成立 |
Article 14 (1) A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price. (2) A proposal other than one addressed to one or more specific persons is to be considered merely as an invitation to make offers, unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal. |
申込み | ||
Article 15 (1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. (2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer. |
申込みの効力発生時期・取りやめ | |||
Article 16 (1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance. (2) However, an offer cannot be revoked: (a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or (b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer. |
申込みの撤回 | |||
Article 17 An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror. |
拒絶による申込みの失効 | |||
Article 18 (1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance. (2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of assent reaches the offeror. An acceptance is not effective if the indication of assent does not reach the offeror within the time he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time, due account being taken of the circumstances of the transaction, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. (3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act, such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in the preceding paragraph. |
承諾の方法、承諾の効力発生時期、承諾期間 | |||
Article 19 (1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer. (2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. If he does not so object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance. (3) Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party's liability to the other or the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially. |
変更を加えた承諾 | |||
Article 20 (1) A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to run from the moment the telegram is handed in for dispatch or from the date shown on the letter or, if no such date is shown, from the date shown on the envelope. A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror by telephone, telex or other means of instantaneous communication, begins to run from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree. (2) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during the period for acceptance are included in calculating the period. However, if a notice of acceptance cannot be delivered at the address of the offeror on the last day of the period because that day falls on an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the offeror, the period is extended until the first business day which follows. |
承諾期間の計算 | |||
Article 21 (1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror orally so informs the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect. (2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect. |
遅延した承諾、通信の遅延 | |||
Article 22 An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective. |
承諾の取りやめ | |||
Article 23 A contract is concluded at the moment when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective in accordance with the provisions of this Convention. |
契約の成立時期 | |||
Article 24 For the purposes of this Part of the Convention, an offer, declaration of acceptance or any other indication of intention "reaches" the addressee when it is made orally to him or delivered by any other means to him personally, to his place of business or mailing address or, if he does not have a place of business or mailing address, to his habitual residence. |
到達の定義 | |||
PART III SALE OF GOODS 第3部 物品の売買 |
Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS 第1章 総則 |
Article 25 A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result. |
重大な契約違反 | |
Article 26 A declaration of avoidance of the contract is effective only if made by notice to the other party. |
解除の方法 | |||
Article 27 Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Part of the Convention, if any notice, request or other communication is given or made by a party in accordance with this Part and by means appropriate in the circumstances, a delay or error in the transmission of the communication or its failure to arrive does not deprive that party of the right to rely on the communication. |
通信の遅延、誤り又は不到達 | |||
Article 28 If, in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, one party is entitled to require performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a judgement for specific performance unless the court would do so under its own law in respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention. |
現実の履行を命ずる裁判 | |||
Article 29 (1) A contract may be modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties. (2) A contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated by agreement. However, a party may be precluded by his conduct from asserting such a provision to the extent that the other party has relied on that conduct. |
契約の変更又は終了 | |||
Chapter II OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER |
Article 30 The seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention. |
売主の義務 | ||
Section I. Delivery of the goods and handing over of documents 第1節 物品の引渡し及び書類の交付 |
Article 31 If the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists: (a) if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods - in handing the goods over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer; (b) if, in cases not within the preceding subparagraph, the contract relates to specific goods, or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or produced, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods were at, or were to be manufactured or produced at, a particular place - in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at that place; (c) in other cases - in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at the place where the seller had his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract. |
引渡しの場所及び引渡義務の内容 | ||
Article 32 (1) If the seller, in accordance with the contract or this Convention, hands the goods over to a carrier and if the goods are not clearly identified to the contract by markings on the goods, by shipping documents or otherwise, the seller must give the buyer notice of the consignment specifying the goods. (2) If the seller is bound to arrange for carriage of the goods, he must make such contracts as are necessary for carriage to the place fixed by means of transportation appropriate in the circumstances and according to the usual terms for such transportation. (3) If the seller is not bound to effect insurance in respect of the carriage of the goods, he must, at the buyer's request, provide him with all available information necessary to enable him to effect such insurance. |
運送に関する義務 | |||
Article 33 The seller must deliver the goods: (a) if a date is fixed by or determinable from the contract, on that date; (b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the buyer is to choose a date; or (c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract. |
引渡しの時期 | |||
Article 34 If the seller is bound to hand over documents relating to the goods, he must hand them over at the time and place and in the form required by the contract. If the seller has handed over documents before that time, he may, up to that time, cure any lack of conformity in the documents, if the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention. |
書類の交付 | |||
Section II. Conformity of the goods and third party claims 第2節 物品の適合性及び第三者の権利又は請求 |
Article 35 (1) The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract. (2) Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they: (a) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used; (b) are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill and judgement; (c) possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample or model; (d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods. (3) The seller is not liable under subparagraphs (a) to (d) of the preceding paragraph for any lack of conformity of the goods if at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of such lack of conformity. |
物品の適合性 | ||
Article 36 (1) The seller is liable in accordance with the contract and this Convention for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time. (2) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity which occurs after the time indicated in the preceding paragraph and which is due to a breach of any of his obligations, including a breach of any guarantee that for a period of time the goods will remain fit for their ordinary purpose or for some particular purpose or will retain specified qualities or characteristics. |
不適合についての売主の責任 | |||
Article 37 If the seller has delivered goods before the date for delivery, he may, up to that date, deliver any missing part or make up any deficiency in the quantity of the goods delivered, or deliver goods in replacement of any non-conforming goods delivered or remedy any lack of conformity in the goods delivered, provided that the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention. |
引渡期日前の追完 | |||
Article 38 (1) The buyer must examine the goods, or cause them to be examined, within as short a period as is practicable in the circumstances. (2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at their destination. (3) If the goods are redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer without a reasonable opportunity for examination by him and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or ought to have known of the possibility of such redirection or redispatch, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at the new destination. |
買主による物品の検査 | |||
Article 39 (1) The buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time after he has discovered it or ought to have discovered it. (2) In any event, the buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give the seller notice thereof at the latest within a period of two years from the date on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer, unless this time-limit is inconsistent with a contractual period of guarantee. |
売主の知っていた不適合 | |||
Article 40 The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of articles 38 and 39 if the lack of conformity relates to facts of which he knew or could not have been unaware and which he did not disclose to the buyer. |
売主の知っていた不適合 | |||
Article 41 The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party, unless the buyer agreed to take the goods subject to that right or claim. However, if such right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property, the seller's obligation is governed by article 42. |
第三者の権利又は請求 | |||
Article 42 (1) The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property, of which at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or could not have been unaware, provided that the right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property: (a) under the law of the State where the goods will be resold or otherwise used, if it was contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the goods would be resold or otherwise used in that State; or (b) in any other case, under the law of the State where the buyer has his place of business. (2) The obligation of the seller under the preceding paragraph does not extend to cases where: (a) at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of the right or claim; or (b) the right or claim results from the seller's compliance with technical drawings, designs, formulae or other such specifications furnished by the buyer. |
知的財産権に基づく第三者の権利又は請求 | |||
Article 43 (1) The buyer loses the right to rely on the provisions of article 41 or article 42 if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the right or claim of the third party within a reasonable time after he has become aware or ought to have become aware of the right or claim. (2) The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of the preceding paragraph if he knew of the right or claim of the third party and the nature of it. |
買主による第三者の権利又は請求の通知、売主の知っていた第三者の権利又は請求 | |||
Article 44 Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of article 39 and paragraph (1) of article 43, the buyer may reduce the price in accordance with article 50 or claim damages, except for loss of profit, if he has a reasonable excuse for his failure to give the required notice. |
買主が通知をしなかった場合の例外的救済 | |||
Section III. Remedies for breach of contract by the seller 第3節 売主による契約違反についての救済 |
Article 45 (1) If the seller fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the buyer may: (a) exercise the rights provided in articles 46 to 52; (b) claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77. (2) The buyer is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising his right to other remedies. (3) No period of grace may be granted to the seller by a court or arbitral tribunal when the buyer resorts to a remedy for breach of contract. |
買主の救済方法 | ||
Article 46 (1) The buyer may require performance by the seller of his obligations unless the buyer has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement. (2) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require delivery of substitute goods only if the lack of conformity constitutes a fundamental breach of contract and a request for substitute goods is made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter. (3) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require the seller to remedy the lack of conformity by repair, unless this is unreasonable having regard to all the circumstances. A request for repair must be made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter. |
買主の履行請求権 | |||
Article 47 (1) The buyer may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his obligations. (2) Unless the buyer has received notice from the seller that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the buyer may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract. However, the buyer is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in performance. |
履行のための付加期間の付与 | |||
Article 48 (1) Subject to article 49, the seller may, even after the date for delivery, remedy at his own expense any failure to perform his obligations, if he can do so without unreasonable delay and without causing the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or uncertainty of reimbursement by the seller of expenses advanced by the buyer. However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention. (2) If the seller requests the buyer to make known whether he will accept performance and the buyer does not comply with the request within a reasonable time, the seller may perform within the time indicated in his request. The buyer may not, during that period of time, resort to any remedy which is inconsistent with performance by the seller. (3) A notice by the seller that he will perform within a specified period of time is assumed to include a request, under the preceding paragraph, that the buyer make known his decision. (4) A request or notice by the seller under paragraph (2) or (3) of this article is not effective unless received by the buyer. |
売主の追完権 | |||
Article 49 (1) The buyer may declare the contract avoided: (a) if the failure by the seller to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or (b) in case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47 or declares that he will not deliver within the period so fixed. (2) However, in cases where the seller has delivered the goods, the buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so: (a) in respect of late delivery, within a reasonable time after he has become aware that delivery has been made; (b) in respect of any breach other than late delivery, within a reasonable time: (i) after he knew or ought to have known of the breach; (ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47, or after the seller has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period; or (iii) after the expiration of any additional period of time indicated by the seller in accordance with paragraph (2) of article 48, or after the buyer has declared that he will not accept performance. |
契約解除権 | |||
Article 50 If the goods do not conform with the contract and whether or not the price has already been paid, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that conforming goods would have had at that time. However, if the seller remedies any failure to perform his obligations in accordance with article 37 or article 48 or if the buyer refuses to accept performance by the seller in accordance with those articles, the buyer may not reduce the price. |
代金の減額 | |||
Article 51 (1) If the seller delivers only a part of the goods or if only a part of the goods delivered is in conformity with the contract, articles 46 to 50 apply in respect of the part which is missing or which does not conform. (2) The buyer may declare the contract avoided in its entirety only if the failure to make delivery completely or in conformity with the contract amounts to a fundamental breach of the contract. |
一部不履行 | |||
Article 52 (1) If the seller delivers the goods before the date fixed, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery. (2) If the seller delivers a quantity of goods greater than that provided for in the contract, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery of the excess quantity. If the buyer takes delivery of all or part of the excess quantity, he must pay for it at the contract rate. |
引渡履行期前の引渡し、数量超過の引渡し | |||
Chapter III OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER |
Article 53 The buyer must pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them as required by the contract and this Convention. |
買主の義務 | ||
Section I. Payment of the price 第1節 代金の支払 |
Article 54 The buyer's obligation to pay the price includes taking such steps and complying with such formalities as may be required under the contract or any laws and regulations to enable payment to be made. |
代金支払義務 | ||
Article 55 Where a contract has been validly concluded but does not expressly or implicitly fix or make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have impliedly made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances in the trade concerned. |
代金の不確定 | |||
Article 56 If the price is fixed according to the weight of the goods, in case of doubt it is to be determined by the net weight. |
重量に基づいた代金 | |||
Article 57 (1) If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other particular place, he must pay it to the seller: (a) at the seller's place of business; or (b) if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents, at the place where the handing over takes place. (2) The seller must bear any increases in the expenses incidental to payment which is caused by a change in his place of business subsequent to the conclusion of the contract. |
支払の場所 | |||
Article 58 (1) If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other specific time, he must pay it when the seller places either the goods or documents controlling their disposition at the buyer's disposal in accordance with the contract and this Convention. The seller may make such payment a condition for handing over the goods or documents. (2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, the seller may dispatch the goods on terms whereby the goods, or documents controlling their disposition, will not be handed over to the buyer except against payment of the price. (3) The buyer is not bound to pay the price until he has had an opportunity to examine the goods, unless the procedures for delivery or payment agreed upon by the parties are inconsistent with his having such an opportunity. |
支払の時期、交付の条件としての支払、支払前の検査 | |||
Article 59 The buyer must pay the price on the date fixed by or determinable from the contract and this Convention without the need for any request or compliance with any formality on the part of the seller. |
催告の不要性 | |||
Section II. Taking delivery 第2節 引渡しの受領 |
Article 60 The buyer's obligation to take delivery consists: (a) in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in order to enable the seller to make delivery; and (b) in taking over the goods. |
引渡受領義務 | ||
Section III. Remedies for breach of contract by the buyer 第3節 買主による契約違反についての救済 |
Article 61 (1) If the buyer fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the seller may: (a) exercise the rights provided in articles 62 to 65; (b) claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77. (2) The seller is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising his right to other remedies. (3) No period of grace may be granted to the buyer by a court or arbitral tribunal when the seller resorts to a remedy for breach of contract. |
売主の救済方法 | ||
Article 62 The seller may require the buyer to pay the price, take delivery or perform his other obligations, unless the seller has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement. |
履行請求権 | |||
Article 63 (1) The seller may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the buyer of his obligations. (2) Unless the seller has received notice from the buyer that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract. However, the seller is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in performance. |
履行のための付加期間の付与 | |||
Article 64 (1) The seller may declare the contract avoided: (a) if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or (b) if the buyer does not, within the additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, perform his obligation to pay the price or take delivery of the goods, or if he declares that he will not do so within the period so fixed. (2) However, in cases where the buyer has paid the price, the seller loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so: (a) in respect of late performance by the buyer, before the seller has become aware that performance has been rendered; or (b) in respect of any breach other than late performance by the buyer, within a reasonable time: (i) after the seller knew or ought to have known of the breach; or (ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, or after the buyer has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period. |
契約解除権 | |||
Article 65 (1) If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make such specification either on the date agreed upon or within a reasonable time after receipt of a request from the seller, the seller may, without prejudice to any other rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance with the requirements of the buyer that may be known to him. (2) If the seller makes the specification himself, he must inform the buyer of the details thereof and must fix a reasonable time within which the buyer may make a different specification. If, after receipt of such a communication, the buyer fails to do so within the time so fixed, the specification made by the seller is binding. |
売主による仕様の指定 | |||
Chapter IV PASSING OF RISK 第4章 危険の移転 |
Article 66 Loss of or damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not discharge him from his obligation to pay the price, unless the loss or damage is due to an act or omission of the seller. |
危険移転の効果 | ||
Article 67 (1) If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound to hand them over at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contract of sale. If the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place. The fact that the seller is authorized to retain documents controlling the disposition of the goods does not affect the passage of the risk. (2) Nevertheless, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract, whether by markings on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer or otherwise. |
運送と伴う売買契約における危険の移転 | |||
Article 68 The risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract. However, if the circumstances so indicate, the risk is assumed by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to the carrier who issued the documents embodying the contract of carriage. Nevertheless, if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the loss or damage is at the risk of the seller. |
運送中の物品の売買契約における危険の移転 | |||
Article 69 (1) In cases not within articles 67 and 68, the risk passes to the buyer when he takes over the goods or, if he does not do so in due time, from the time when the goods are placed at his disposal and he commits a breach of contract by failing to take delivery. (2) However, if the buyer is bound to take over the goods at a place other than a place of business of the seller, the risk passes when delivery is due and the buyer is aware of the fact that the goods are placed at his disposal at that place. (3) If the contract relates to goods not then identified, the goods are considered not to be placed at the disposal of the buyer until they are clearly identified to the contract. |
その他の場合における危険の移転 | |||
Article 70 If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, articles 67, 68 and 69 do not impair the remedies available to the buyer on account of the breach. |
売主による重大な契約違反と危険移転の関係 | |||
Chapter V PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER AND OF THE BUYER 第5章 売主及び買主の義務に共通する規定 |
Section I. Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts 第1節 履行期前の違反及び分割履行契約 |
Article 71 (1) A party may suspend the performance of his obligations if, after the conclusion of the contract, it becomes apparent that the other party will not perform a substantial part of his obligations as a result of: (a) a serious deficiency in his ability to perform or in his creditworthiness; or (b) his conduct in preparing to perform or in performing the contract. (2) If the seller has already dispatched the goods before the grounds described in the preceding paragraph become evident, he may prevent the handing over of the goods to the buyer even though the buyer holds a document which entitles him to obtain them. The present paragraph relates only to the rights in the goods as between the buyer and the seller. (3) A party suspending performance, whether before or after dispatch of the goods, must immediately give notice of the suspension to the other party and must continue with performance if the other party provides adequate assurance of his performance. |
履行の停止 | |
Article 72 (1) If prior to the date for performance of the contract it is clear that one of the parties will commit a fundamental breach of contract, the other party may declare the contract avoided. (2) If time allows, the party intending to declare the contract avoided must give reasonable notice to the other party in order to permit him to provide adequate assurance of his performance. (3) The requirements of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the other party has declared that he will not perform his obligations. |
履行期前の契約解除 | |||
Article 73 (1) In the case of a contract for delivery of goods by instalments, if the failure of one party to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment constitutes a fundamental breach of contract with respect to that instalment, the other party may declare the contract avoided with respect to that instalment. (2) If one party's failure to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment gives the other party good grounds to conclude that a fundamental breach of contract will occur with respect to future instalments, he may declare the contract avoided for the future, provided that he does so within a reasonable time. (3) A buyer who declares the contract avoided in respect of any delivery may, at the same time, declare it avoided in respect of deliveries already made or of future deliveries if, by reason of their interdependence, those deliveries could not be used for the purpose contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract. |
分割履行契約の解除 | |||
Section II. Damages 第2節 損害賠償 |
Article 74 Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. Such damages may not exceed the loss which the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the facts and matters of which he then knew or ought to have known, as a possible consequence of the breach of contract. |
損害賠償の範囲 | ||
Article 75 If the contract is avoided and if, in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods, the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74. |
契約解除後に代替取引が行われた場合の損害賠償額 | |||
Article 76 (1) If the contract is avoided and there is a current price for the goods, the party claiming damages may, if he has not made a purchase or resale under article 75, recover the difference between the price fixed by the contract and the current price at the time of avoidance as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74. If, however, the party claiming damages has avoided the contract after taking over the goods, the current price at the time of such taking over shall be applied instead of the current price at the time of avoidance. (2) For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the current price is the price prevailing at the place where delivery of the goods should have been made or, if there is no current price at that place, the price at such other place as serves as a reasonable substitute, making due allowance for differences in the cost of transporting the goods. |
契約解除後に代替取引が行われなかった場合の損害賠償額 | |||
Article 77 A party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the loss, including loss of profit, resulting from the breach. If he fails to take such measures, the party in breach may claim a reduction in the damages in the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated. |
損害の軽減 | |||
Section III. Interest 第3節 利息 |
Article 78 If a party fails to pay the price or any other sum that is in arrears, the other party is entitled to interest on it, without prejudice to any claim for damages recoverable under article 74. |
利息 | ||
Section IV. Exemptions 第4節 免責 |
Article 79 (1) A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences. (2) If the party's failure is due to the failure by a third person whom he has engaged to perform the whole or a part of the contract, that party is exempt from liability only if: (a) he is exempt under the preceding paragraph; and (b) the person whom he has so engaged would be so exempt if the provisions of that paragraph were applied to him. (3) The exemption provided by this article has effect for the period during which the impediment exists. (4) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect on his ability to perform. If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, he is liable for damages resulting from such non-receipt. (5) Nothing in this article prevents either party from exercising any right other than to claim damages under this Convention. |
債務者の支配を超えた障害による不履行 | ||
Article 80 A party may not rely on a failure of the other party to perform, to the extent that such failure was caused by the first party's act or omission. |
大権者の作為、不作為によって生じた不履行 | |||
Section V. Effects of avoidance 第5節 解除の効果 |
Article 81 (1) Avoidance of the contract releases both parties from their obligations under it, subject to any damages which may be due. Avoidance does not affect any provision of the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other provision of the contract governing the rights and obligations of the parties consequent upon the avoidance of the contract. (2) A party who has performed the contract either wholly or in part may claim restitution from the other party of whatever the first party has supplied or paid under the contract. If both parties are bound to make restitution, they must do so concurrently. |
解除の効果 | ||
Article 82 (1) The buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to deliver substitute goods if it is impossible for him to make restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received them. (2) The preceding paragraph does not apply: (a) if the impossibility of making restitution of the goods or of making restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which the buyer received them is not due to his act or omission; (b) if the goods or part of the goods have perished or deteriorated as a result of the examination provided for in article 38; or (c) if the goods or part of the goods have been sold in the normal course of business or have been consumed or transformed by the buyer in the course of normal use before he discovered or ought to have discovered the lack of conformity. |
物品の返還不能による解除権及び代替品引渡請求権の喪失 | |||
Article 83 A buyer who has lost the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to deliver substitute goods in accordance with article 82 retains all other remedies under the contract and this Convention. |
前条の場合におけるその他の救済方法 | |||
Article 84 (1) If the seller is bound to refund the price, he must also pay interest on it, from the date on which the price was paid. (2) The buyer must account to the seller for all benefits which he has derived from the goods or part of them: (a) if he must make restitution of the goods or part of them; or (b) if it is impossible for him to make restitution of all or part of the goods or to make restitution of all or part of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received them, but he has nevertheless declared the contract avoided or required the seller to deliver substitute goods. |
売主による利息の支払、買主による利益の返還 | |||
Section VI. Preservation of the goods 第6節 物品の保存 |
Article 85 If the buyer is in delay in taking delivery of the goods or, where payment of the price and delivery of the goods are to be made concurrently, if he fails to pay the price, and the seller is either in possession of the goods or otherwise able to control their disposition, the seller must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to preserve them. He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the buyer. |
売主の物品保存義務 | ||
Article 86 (1) If the buyer has received the goods and intends to exercise any right under the contract or this Convention to reject them, he must take such steps to preserve them as are reasonable in the circumstances. He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the seller. (2) If goods dispatched to the buyer have been placed at his disposal at their destination and he exercises the right to reject them, he must take possession of them on behalf of the seller, provided that this can be done without payment of the price and without unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. This provision does not apply if the seller or a person authorized to take charge of the goods on his behalf is present at the destination. If the buyer takes possession of the goods under this paragraph, his rights and obligations are governed by the preceding paragraph. |
買主の物品保存義務 | |||
Article 87 A party who is bound to take steps to preserve the goods may deposit them in a warehouse of a third person at the expense of the other party provided that the expense incurred is not unreasonable. |
第三者への寄託 | |||
Article 88 (1) A party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 may sell them by any appropriate means if there has been an unreasonable delay by the other party in taking possession of the goods or in taking them back or in paying the price or the cost of preservation, provided that reasonable notice of the intention to sell has been given to the other party. (2) If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration or their preservation would involve unreasonable expense, a party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 must take reasonable measures to sell them. To the extent possible he must give notice to the other party of his intention to sell. (3) A party selling the goods has the right to retain out of the proceeds of sale an amount equal to the reasonable expenses of preserving the goods and of selling them. He must account to the other party for the balance. |
保存物品の売却 | |||
PART IV FINAL PROVISIONS 第4部 最終規定 |
Article 89 The Secretary-General of the United Nations is hereby designated as the depositary for this Convention. |
条約の寄託者 | ||
Article 90 This Convention does not prevail over any international agreement which has already been or may be entered into and which contains provisions concerning the matters governed by this Convention, provided that the parties have their places of business in States parties to such agreement. |
他の国際取極との関係 | |||
Article 91 (1) This Convention is open for signature at the concluding meeting of the United Nations Conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and will remain open for signature by all States at the Headquarters of the United Nations, New York until 30 September 1981. (2) This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory States. (3) This Convention is open for accession by all States which are not signatory States as from the date it is open for signature. (4) Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval and accession are to be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. |
署名、批准・受諾・承認、加入 | |||
Article 92 (1) A Contracting State may declare at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession that it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention or that it will not be bound by Part III of this Convention. (2) A Contracting State which makes a declaration in accordance with the preceding paragraph in respect of Part II or Part III of this Convention is not to be considered a Contracting State within paragraph (1) of article 1 of this Convention in respect of matters governed by the Part to which the declaration applies. |
第2部又は第3部に拘束されない旨の留保宣言 | |||
Article 93 (1) If a Contracting State has two or more territorial units in which, according to its constitution, different systems of law are applicable in relation to the matters dealt with in this Convention, it may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, declare that this Convention is to extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them, and may amend its declaration by submitting another declaration at any time. (2) These declarations are to be notified to the depositary and are to state expressly the territorial units to which the Convention extends. (3) If, by virtue of a declaration under this article, this Convention extends to one or more but not all of the territorial units of a Contracting State, and if the place of business of a party is located in that State, this place of business, for the purposes of this Convention, is considered not to be in a Contracting State, unless it is in a territorial unit to which the Convention extends. (4) If a Contracting State makes no declaration under paragraph (1) of this article, the Convention is to extend to all territorial units of that State. |
不統一国による適用領域に関する留保宣言 | |||
Article 94 (1) Two or more Contracting States which have the same or closely related legal rules on matters governed by this Convention may at any time declare that the Convention is not to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places of business in those States. Such declarations may be made jointly or by reciprocal unilateral declarations. (2) A Contracting State which has the same or closely related legal rules on matters governed by this Convention as one or more non-Contracting States may at any time declare that the Convention is not to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places of business in those States. (3) If a State which is the object of a declaration under the preceding paragraph subsequently becomes a Contracting State, the declaration made will, as from the date on which the Convention enters into force in respect of the new Contracting State, have the effect of a declaration made under paragraph (1), provided that the new Contracting State joins in such declaration or makes a reciprocal unilateral declaration. |
密接に関連する法規を有する2以上の国による適用制限に関する留保制限 | |||
Article 95 Any State may declare at the time of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession that it will not be bound by subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1 of this Convention. |
第1条(1)(b)に拘束されない旨の留保宣言 | |||
Article 96 A Contracting State whose legislation requires contracts of sale to be concluded in or evidenced by writing may at any time make a declaration in accordance with article 12 that any provision of article 11, article 29, or Part II of this Convention, that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance, or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing, does not apply where any party has his place of business in that State. |
書面を不要とする規定を適用しない旨の留保宣言 | |||
Article 97 (1) Declarations made under this Convention at the time of signature are subject to confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval. (2) Declarations and confirmations of declarations are to be in writing and be formally notified to the depositary. (3) A declaration takes effect simultaneously with the entry into force of this Convention in respect of the State concerned. However, a declaration of which the depositary receives formal notification after such entry into force takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the date of its receipt by the depositary. Reciprocal unilateral declarations under article 94 take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the receipt of the latest declaration by the depositary. (4) Any State which makes a declaration under this Convention may withdraw it at any time by a formal notification in writing addressed to the depositary. Such withdrawal is to take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the date of the receipt of the notification by the depositary. (5) A withdrawal of a declaration made under article 94 renders inoperative, as from the date on which the withdrawal takes effect, any reciprocal declaration made by another State under that article. |
留保宣言及びその撤回 | |||
Article 98 No reservations are permitted except those expressly authorized in this Convention. |
他の留保の禁止 | |||
Article 99 (1) This Convention enters into force, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this article, on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the date of deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, including an instrument which contains a declaration made under article 92. (2) When a State ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention after the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, this Convention, with the exception of the Part excluded, enters into force in respect of that State, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this article, on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. (3) A State which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention and is a party to either or both the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague Formation Convention) and the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague Sales Convention) shall at the same time denounce, as the case may be, either or both the 1964 Hague Sales Convention and the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect. (4) A State party to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under article 52 that it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession denounce the 1964 Hague Sales Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect. (5) A State party to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under article 92 that it will not be bound by Part III of this Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession denounce the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect. (6) For the purpose of this article, ratifications, acceptances, approvals and accessions in respect of this Convention by States parties to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention or to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention shall not be effective until such denunciations as may be required on the part of those States in respect of the latter two Conventions have themselves become effective. The depositary of this Convention shall consult with the Government of the Netherlands, as the depositary of the 1964 Conventions, so as to ensure necessary co-ordination in this respect. |
条約の発効時期、1964年ハーグ条約との関係 | |||
Article 100 (1) This Convention applies to the formation of a contract only when the proposal for concluding the contract is made on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph (1)(a) or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1. (2) This Convention applies only to contracts concluded on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph (1)(a) or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1. |
時間的適用範囲 | |||
Article 101 (1) A Contracting State may denounce this Convention, or Part II or Part III of the Convention, by a formal notification in writing addressed to the depositary. (2) The denunciation takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the notification is received by the depositary. Where a longer period for the denunciation to take effect is specified in the notification, the denunciation takes effect upon the expiration of such longer period after the notification is received by the depositary. |
条約の廃棄 | |||
DONE at Vienna, this day of eleventh day of April, one thousand nine hundred and eighty, in a single original, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this Convention. |